Ukraine’s path to independence is a story of centuries-long struggle for self-determination, shaped by empires, revolutions, wars and the enduring aspirations of her people. Situated at the crossroads of East and West, Ukraine has historically been a prize in geopolitical contests. Yet her national identity, forged through cultural resilience and political awakening, ultimately gave rise to an independent state in 1991. Here we outline the key events that shaped Ukraine’s long journey towards in